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For instance, uint32_t number_of_bytes defines 32 bits, which hold an unsigned scalar value ranging from 0 to 4.294.967.295. A type error is erroneous or undesirable program behaviour caused by a discrepancy between differing data types.”* If you define a type, this means nothing more than saying there are a certain number of bits that represent a predefined data type.

I generally define type safety as Wikipedia defines it: “In computer science, type safety is the extent to which a programming language discourages or prevents type errors. At the end of the project, I understood that new hardware in the embedded systems area also means new software and firmware, and I learned from Ada what type safety really means. My first project required me to learn Ada. Later I moved on to what was, at the time, a new domain of software engineering: safety-critical embedded systems design. Having seen it often enough, I theorize that embedded systems developers naturally fall into this type of hybrid coding when migrating from procedural C programming to the object-oriented C++ paradigm. At the time, we believed we were doing object-oriented programming, but I now believe that what we were writing was really C with C++ syntax. For example, at one company we were developing Internet banking and chip-card terminal applications, using C++ on Windows PCs. I learned these rules and best practices working for companies that were moving to programming paradigms more amenable to safety-critical software development. The C language is definitely not type safe, and only by applying many good practices and self-imposed rules can it be made a viable choice for safety-critical software development. Today, the programming methods of the past must be adapted to a world in which safety-critical design is required not only in military/aerospace applications but in ordinary commercial applications as well. In embedded systems design, many of us tend to write our software in C the way our “grandfathers” did, which was appropriate before we had to worry about ubiquitous connectivity and its security implications. 17 tips for writing safety-critical C code using methods adapted from C++ and Ada.

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